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Across the age spectrum, more people are opting or are at least open to using financial apps for managing tasks ranging from daily budgeting, stock investments, banking services, payments, or insurance needs. In 2019, consumers accessed financial apps over a trillion times. China, India, Brazil, United States, and South Korea were the Top 5 nations in terms of total sessions in finance apps.
Are User Stories mandatory for product development? The short answer is ‘No’.
User Stories are not a ‘must-have’ in product development. The Waterfall methodology of software development does not include the concept of User Stories. But owing to its sequential approach it also offers no scope of considering customer feedback and iterating the requirements. Hence, it often fails to deliver a product that customers actually want. Exactly why, 97% of companies have now shifted to iterative and customer-centric Agile development methods, where User Stories are considered as ‘primary development artifacts’. Along with the popularity of XP and Scrum, User Stories has become a common approach to Agile requirements definition.
Product leaders who have set an example in creating the best user experiences, give a great deal of importance to creating User Stories. For instance, Netflix ensures that they understand every User Story with advanced personalization. As a result, 75% of Netflix views are a result of their recommendation engine.
There are millions of apps on app stores, but only a select few have been successful with users and most others experience a drop of interest right after their launch. As per research, an average individual uses close to 25 apps per month, of which 96% of the time is split between just 10 apps.
Forrester reports that 70% of the projects fail due to lack of user acceptance. This is mainly due to the apps poor user experience. As per a study from Bain & Company, 80% of companies feel they delivered an exceptional user experience while only 8% of customers agree. This is one of the main reasons why it’s crucial to gain customer insights with scientific techniques like user research and identify what users prefer than rely on assumptions or gut insights.
Let’s explore some of the key factors that make the user experience integral for enterprises to craft & deliver products and services that resonate with the pulse of their customers and prospects.
A day in the life of an average consumer today is filled with digital experiences. From the time we wake up (and check our social media feeds of course) to the end of the day, we interact with native mobile apps, websites, smart watches perhaps and maybe digital kiosks of some kind. A product manager and a team of experts are behind every such experience. They decide the features, look & feel, functionalities and more. But is that all they do? Is there scope to take a broader view of today’s product managers and their role in the success of an enterprise? I believe so. But first, what is product management? Up until recently, this term was used largely to convey project management. An enterprise would decide to revamp its website or app and that project would need to be managed within a specific time frame, specifications, quality and cost. The person leading such projects – by definition short term approach, would be the de facto Product Manager. Thankfully, things have changed.
The ongoing global crisis arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic has taken its toll in many ways – thousands of lives have been lost and the world has been disrupted like never before. Enterprises have been forced to adapt to new ways of functioning and employees are also discovering the pressures of working under severe constraints. Several industries like travel, traditional retail, hotels, MICE (meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions) and more are affected adversely. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development says the world economy will go into recession this year with a predicted loss of global income in trillions of dollars.
Clearly, we are heading into an age of uncertainty on many fronts. Even after the COVID-19 crisis is over, which I hope is sooner than later, the impact of the crisis on our mindset and behavior will be long-lasting. In the coming months, focusing on customer experience will be even more critical for enterprises.
As enterprises rightly focus on health & safety in these challenging times, employees are trying to utilize this period to upskill. In a bid to turn the lock-down period into opportunities for collaborative learning, we at Robosoft Technologies are organizing a series of webinars. Pooja Bal, our Head of Digital Advisory Practice and Priyanka Shroff our Associate Director – Design Strategy, successfully conducted the first webinar on Facilitating Remote Design Thinking.
Remote working and Design Thinking are often viewed as two separate entities that cannot be integrated together to drive-in measurable results. Through this webinar we’ve attempted to bust this myth and talk about how their common value systems can maximize product efficiency & growth.
The role and significance of a product manager is expanding due to the growing importance of digital platforms & integrated experiences, the need for product innovation & differentiation, increased personalization, and design focus. Product managers influence every aspect of the product lifecycle and perform core functions including that of a mini-CEO, fire-fighter, and an orchestra conductor– bringing alive the product vision & executing the day to day operations of product development. It is believed that developing the right skills as a product manager can help one transition into a C-suite professional as it is a good training ground for CEOs.
A great product manager ensures that all team members work harmoniously towards achieving the product vision. The key responsibilities include setting the long term vision and strategy, ensuring user engagement, satisfaction, and monetization. However, these may vary depending on the nature of the industry & enterprise and their views about the project manager’s responsibilities. While a few might be involved in documenting product roadmaps, conceptualizing, analyzing data, supervising the development & production process, conducting market & user research, sampling, testing, and forecasting, others might be involved in the promotion, distribution, sales, and marketing functions especially when the product is already in place.
The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to impact the world like never before. A key transformation is underway in pushing all of us to embrace change in the way we live and work. Old norms and ways of working will give way to a new normal. It is clear that digital will be at the core of the social distancing era. Digital solutions and platforms will be the key enablers of business continuity helping enterprises in adapting to the rapidly changing needs of their customers, while they focus on mitigating business and operational challenges.
Once the threat of the epidemic has passed, businesses will have to look at innovative ways to address the change in customer behavior and the impact of design and technology in shaping and enhancing customer experiences. To rise above these challenges, enterprises must rethink their digital strategy on multiple dimensions.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted businesses in many ways, enabling brands to restructure systems and processes to explore new ways of increasing business and operational efficiency. To manage the immediate impact of the crisis and lay a good foundation for the future, brands must relook at their most critical functions that can create positive customer experiences – product development being one such.
The relevance and value of great product managers cannot be undermined today, where the world is predominantly dependent on digital products and platforms to accomplish most of their needs. Such times call for a human-first approach while developing products that can touch millions of lives globally. In an earlier article, we explored the key characteristics and the core functions of great product managers that can have a profound impact on brand value, customer loyalty, and retention. In this article let’s examine the components required to craft such products and the role of product roadmaps in elevating positive customer experiences.
As enterprises face the new-order of the world, they are also gearing up for the evolving business challenges that are likely to get more complex in the coming months. Design Thinking principles can help businesses understand consumers better, empathize with them, and uncover valuable insights about their stated and latent needs & pain points.
In this context, in our first webinar of the Design Thinking series – ‘Facilitating Remote Design Thinking’ we discussed how remote working and Design Thinking which are often viewed as two separate entities can be integrated together to drive-in measurable results.
Across the age spectrum, more people are opting or are at least open to using financial apps for managing tasks ranging from daily budgeting, stock investments, banking services, payments, or insurance needs. In 2019, consumers accessed financial apps over a trillion times. China, India, Brazil, United States, and South Korea were the Top 5 nations in terms of total sessions in finance apps.
Consumers love finance apps
According to the 2020 Mobile Finance Apps Report by Liftoff and AppAnnie, the install-to-register rate of finance apps is a healthy 46.2% indicating the willingness of users to not just download such apps but engage with them too. The install-to-purchase rate dips to 19% pointing to a lot more work needed to encourage usage. Entrepreneurs and the start-up community are betting big on FinTech, as well. Many of the breakout apps of 2019 were in FinTech from digital banking (e.g. Nubank), payments (Google Pay), and loan disbursement (e.g. KreditBee) to all-in-one super apps like PhonePe.
When was the last time you pulled out your wallet to make a cash payment? It’s probably been a while, isn’t it? While debit and credit cards continue to be the preferred mode of payment – digital transactions, bank transfers, and e-wallets are getting equally popular. Convenience and security are two important reasons why cashless transactions are preferred.
According to a 2018 survey conducted by payment processor TSYS (as seen on creditcards.com) that involved 1,222 consumers, 54% of the participants preferred paying via debit cards, 26% preferred credit cards, and only 14% expressed a preference for using cash. What’s interesting is that when compared to 2017’s report, the preference for payment by debit cards increased by 10%, indicating a continuous shift to cashless transactions.
In today’s world, the above quote stands true for businesses as well. Digitization is changing the landscape of every industry, and industries that are ready to adapt, and adapt fast will be the ones who will thrive and flourish. Just like many other industries, the healthcare landscape is also experiencing tremendous transformations owing to technology advancements.
The healthcare industry continuously works towards making patient care more efficient and cost-effective. Digitization stands to benefit the industry not just in optimization at operational levels, but across the entire value chain. From hospital management, patient care, managing reports to virtually assisting patients, the positive implications of using technology are innumerable.
As patients become more technology-savvy, digital technologies can reinvent the entire patient lifecycle, enabling a more personalized, timely and cost-effective treatment journey.
In November 2017, Leonardo da Vinci’s last painting ‘Salvator Mundi’ was sold at an unbelievable price of $450 million, making it the most expensive painting in the world. Needless to say, not just the art community and the connoisseurs of art but the entire world was left astounded by the price of this sale.
So, why would someone pay such a huge fortune for a painting?
The answer? They are not buying the painting, they are making a statement. According to psychoanalysis done on the purchase, The individual who bought the painting is someone for whom the value of owning the world’s most expensive artwork outweighs literally everything else.
When Apple launched Siri in 2011, no one predicted the success of voice technology. 8 years later, almost 100 million mobile phones have a voice assistant. While Industry leaders such as Google and Amazon hold a major market share, voice technology is useful across varied industry channels. From banking to the corporate sector, every industry is observing an increasing number of voice integrations to fulfill customer demands.
Let’s explore why voice is popular, its applications, the technical aspects, and best practices.
According to a recent report, digitally matured organizations are those who take the road less traveled i.e. their business processes are different than the majority. However, doing things differently is not enough, planning and implementing things differently is the key to success.
Most prudent companies realize how important it is to have a focused and customized digital strategy to excel in a connected world; thereby most digitally matured organizations have a well defined digital strategy in place.
Java has automatic memory management. It performs routine garbage collection to clean up unused objects and free up the memory. However, it is very important for us to know how the garbage collector works in order to manage the application’s memory effectively. Thus avoiding OutOfMemoryError and/or StackOverflowError exceptions.
Let’s start with the memory structure first. For effective memory management, JVM divides memory into Stack and Heap.
‘Walk a mile in their shoes’ is often used an expression to convey that the design thinking process is built on empathy. As Design Thinking professionals we work on diverse projects and user needs. Sometimes, we may not be able to fully understand the motives, pressures of others’ lives.
Is it really possible for an urban male executive to truly feel how it is to be a single working mom or experience the challenges of say, working in an oil rig? I can never truly feel how it is to be a doctor using a critical patient information app, that too in the pressure of a hospital scenario. I can at best, get a peek into their lives in such a situation.
Digital Lending has been an exponentially growing global phenomenon over the past years. It may have been initially dismissed as a ‘buzzword’ with no universally articulated definition, but the bold foray of Fintech startups and tech giants into the grey space has resolved all market doubts. And the result has been spectacular.
Can you imagine taking financial advice from sophisticated robots and AI-based apps before making an investment on a real-time basis? This will be the norm sooner than you can imagine. Online banking has become the primary interface channel for most consumers today. It is now becoming evident that the mounting pace of technological reforms is the most powerful force driving the financial services ecosystem globally.
The banking industry has seen radical technology-led transformations over the last decade. Most banking executives look to their IT support teams to maximize efficiency and facilitate groundbreaking innovation, while supporting the legacy systems & lowering costs. In the interim, FinTech start-ups are exploiting established markets and winning with customer- friendly solutions. Customers today have a slew of options and have scaled their expectations demanding agile, responsive, real-time, seamless, innovative and an integrated experience. And the pace of change & technology trends shows no sign of slowing.
Personalization has inherently been associated with digital commerce where technology and data often go hand-in-hand. But owing to the proliferation of new-age tech inside brick-and-mortar stores, the trend is now seeping into retail.
In the past, in-store personalization was mainly attributed to a sales assistant interacting with customers and asking them relevant questions to map their shopping behaviors and needs. Modern-day technologies have been able to capture and scale this behavior towards better avenues of segmentation, customization, and contextualization. Armed with a plethora of solutions, retailers are now able to combine historical cross-platform knowledge of every visitor with a real-time context. A study from Accenture reiterates the importance of such a strategy. According to it, 75% of the customers are more likely to buy from a retailer that leverages personalization elements such as their name, personal recommendations, and preferences.
We all have experienced that annoying feeling when we get too many notifications, seeking actions for tasks that are not particularly important at that moment. Timely notifications are integral to the overall proposition of a platform, but they are fast becoming intrusive in nature. Today’s apps and websites send notifications regarding things that often don’t really require our immediate attention, and they send them repeatedly. These frequent and thoughtless notifications don’t mean anything to the user after a point. We just shut ourselves and cancel them out completely.
For the last 10 years or so, blockchain technology has gained great visibility and ‘buzz’ in media. Originally meant to serve as the underlying technology for the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, it has been portrayed as a panacea for many industries or at least as a ‘must-have’ for enterprises. Aside from the hype, it has received its share of ridicule too from different quarters. So what is the reality? What are the use case of blockchain across industries? Let’s start with the basics:
Rapid advances in technology have permeated several sectors that anchor a country’s economy. This is a precedent that can also be applied to the real estate industry. Real estate, an asset class worth USD 217 trillion globally, has gradually embraced disruptive technology. It is a dynamic catalyst that will transform the way businesses are conducted in the future. Today, the growing influence of millennials and an investment boom in real estate technology has reshaped this industry around the world, including the Middle East.
Retaining customers and building customer lifetime value is a crucial aspect to increase conversions. Digital disruption with the advent of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning has resulted in a unique challenge for marketers. Though it allows them to provide customers with experiences like never before, it also opens a myriad of options for consumers to choose from. This may have made customer retention a tricky task for organizations. After all, repeat purchases from existing customers is a sign of a healthy brand, since acquiring new customers can be expensive and may often impact the bottom line. While expanding the value and building lasting loyalty cannot be created overnight, disruptive technologies can help.
Blockchain is one of the most sort after technologies today. A survey conducted by the Global Blockchain Business Council suggests, beyond the Financial industry, the healthcare and digital identity industries will benefit the most from Blockchain.
Many industries are already seeing various applications of Blockchain. For instance, in the digital health sector Blockchain can help in creating an efficient Clinical Trial Process, drug traceability, secured patient data management, etc. In Retail, the technology is being used to create secure loyalty programs for consumers. The automotive industry is exploring Blockchain Technology for mileage clocking system, securing the vehicle from hackers, etc.
The gig economy is going global. In the US, estimates show that more than one-third of the people work as freelancers. Asia leads the freelancer market globally and is still growing.
There are several factors that have led to the growth of the freelance economy over the years.
Build configuration is a way of arranging, tweaking and changing the settings of a build using a build system. The configuration defines how a build generation process should work, what properties should be applied to the build and what all aspects should be taken care of.
In this article, we will outline why developers must configure builds and how to do it. Read on.
Generation Z, or Gen Z for short, is the new generation poised to refine and redefine the way the world shops. Retail brands want a slice of this ever-growing pie, vying for attention from this coming-of-age consumers, predicted to account for approximately 40% of all retail traffic, by as early as 2020.
Technology has caused major upheaval in the retail landscape — from smartphones to social media to e-commerce — and has permanently altered both the ways in which retailers entice customers and the way people shop.
The financial services industry is at a crossroad of digital disruption in Fintech and legacy systems. The wave of digital transformation which has impacted several industries including retail, media, and transport is making great strides in the financial services industry with several non-banking innovators providing both clients facing and back office technologies.
We live in a digital world. Yet, brick & mortar is very much part of our lives. Given the hype around online & mobile app based sales one would think the offline retail has shut shop. But that’s from the truth. In the US, ecommerce now accounts for 14.3% of total retail sales. It is a significant jump from a 5% share just a decade ago, but consumers still flock to brick & mortar retail for their shopping needs. In 2018, Amazon was expected to contribute to 49% of the US e-commerce market and 5% of all retail spend.
Apple announced a slew of software updates for the Apple family of devices, including the iPhone, iPad, Mac desktops and laptops, Apple TV, and Apple Watch at the WWDC Keynote on June 3, 2019.
The banking & finance industry has seen tectonic changes over the last few years. With the advent of smartphones and mobile applications, many consumers choose to bank on their mobile, buy financial products on digital platforms, reducing their dependence on visiting a branch or brick & mortar office. Living in a digital world has created its own set of challenges for both end users and enterprises. Alongside this digital savvy, demanding consumer is another audience (in developing markets largely with a rural bias), which is yet to experience the entire gamut of banking services. They are expected to fuel the growth of the entire banking sector, driven by rising incomes.
A recent PricewaterhouseCoopers study suggests that out of 10,640 projects done by 200 companies across the globe, only 2.5% managed to complete 100% of their IT projects. Lack of planning, resources, and activities are some of the reasons for this rate of failure. However, organizations are now working towards reducing the rate of project failure. According to a report by Project Management Institute the project failure rate has substantially reduced from 70% to 55% in 2017. Some of the factors that have contributed to the reduction of failure rate are using a strategic approach to project management and adopting an Agile approach.
RFP is the first step towards starting the journey towards a successful project. From repeated delays in software releases, exceeding budgets to development issues these predictable obstacles can be avoided by writing a succinct request for proposal (RFP).
Emerging technologies are making things exciting in every realm of life; things which were imagined only in fairy tales are becoming a reality today. Mobile made it possible to communicate with anyone we want to from anywhere and anytime, Virtual Reality is opening up possibilities to be anywhere we want to anytime we want to.
In 2015, Lucey Palmer (Founder of Oculus VR) invited the whole world to celebrate Christmas with him virtually. This might be how people connect with each other in the future, where distances become irrelevant.
There are approximately 5 million apps in App Store and Google Play. With over 1.2 billion mobile users worldwide, it is predicted that by 2020 the app economy will reach $189 billion, an increase of 270% from 2016.
While these numbers look promising, the truth is, though there are millions of apps out there in the app stores vying for users’ attention, the apps which get downloaded are abandoned in an eye’s blink. Almost 77% of users never use an app again 72 hours after installing. Time spent on apps is also low with 34% of mobile app engagements lasting less than one minute.
In the last 100 years, we have watched as healthcare has advanced while people continue to struggle with their health. Obesity rates are rising, so much so that the United States has an obesity rate of almost 40 percent, over 60 per cent of Australia’s population is overweight or obese, and India is now home to the world’s largest obese population. Cancer rates are also on the rise, several of which have yet to find a root cause. With the advent of widespread technology use, however, we’ve seen exponential changes in the way we perceive and manager our health and wellness.
Imagine being able to experiment with different outfits that you want to buy from the comfort of your sofa, or being able to “try on” multiple shades of lipstick with a click of a button without the mess of color strips lining the back of your hand as you test them out in the store. Imagine being able to customize your food delivery so that your favourite items are available at the click of a button or two and having a feature that allows you to pre-order a day or two in advance.
You don’t have to imagine that with too much difficulty these features and functionalities have been available for a number of years by several large retailers, providing their customers the ability to tailor their purchasing power and subsequently giving retailers insights into their customers’ preferences and habits.
From IBM Watson winning Jeopardy less than a decade ago to Artificial Intelligence becoming a part of our daily lives through voice assistants like Siri, Google Home or Alexa, this technology has come a long way.
While it might take some time for AI to become as ubiquitous as electricity in our lives, we are heading towards that direction. And, enterprises are betting high on the technology. According to a report, the AI market will grow at a rate of 52% by 2025. As enterprises boost their investments in AI, the reign of AI is just beginning to reshape and push innovations across industries like healthcare, manufacturing, retail, etc.
Ask anyone you know: what’s the longest you’ve had to stand in line at your bank? Chances are high that you’ll hear a number of stories detailing long, frustrating experiences at their bank that left them feeling irked and ignored the longer they stood there.
Banks and financial institutions have a unique opportunity to use technology to create a tailored approach using empathy and automation for the delicate and sensitive nature of finance. And this begins with how users search for information to meet their specific needs.
Last year, there was a nationwide crackdown in the U.S. on healthcare fraud, in which around 412 healthcare professionals were arrested for doing fraudulent transactions worth $1.3 billion. According to a global study conducted by IBM and Ponemon Institute, in 2017, the healthcare industry was a major sufferer of such incidents, with the highest toll in terms of the cost of breaches, the cost of breaches in healthcare was 2.5 times the global average when compared to other industries.
These issues have brought the entire world face to face with the glaring need of a secure healthcare infrastructure. While the healthcare industry has made advancements in areas pertaining to research, diagnosis and even efficient cure, it is at the back seat when it comes to creating a secure, unified healthcare system.
In the 1970s when Dave joined his first company, he was excited about the health benefits, insurance and other monetary benefits that his company was offering him. He stayed with this organization for over 30 years before retiring for a peaceful life.
Today, Dave’s son Rob has shifted 3 jobs in a matter of 7 years of his experience. While he does look forward to the monetary benefits offered by the enterprises he joins, his criteria for choosing or staying in a job are poles apart from his father. For Rob, the critical aspects of a workplace are – flexibility of working from anywhere, interesting work opportunity and the overall workplace environment.
With the hustle and bustle of shopping bags, the excitement of the Holiday season hangs in the air. While customers may find themselves excited to hit stores to find that perfect gift for their special someones, e-commerce platforms must focus on giving those customers an unforgettable, seamless, enjoyable holiday shopping experience.
Online retailers get swamped with surges of traffic hitting their platforms during this season. In 2017 alone, companies such as Macy’s, Square, Walmart, and Amazon all saw web outages that likely cost them millions of dollars. These issues can lead to frustrated customers and sales losses this year and for years to come if online retailers cannot adequately mitigate these disasters before they occur.
Ever since mobile phones have become more powerful in terms of their battery capacity, their processing power and the OSes that they run on them, mobiles have been running more and more versatile apps. This has been fuelled by the open source community of Android developers, helped partly by the iOS development community as well. As of October 2018, there are 2.1 million apps in the Google Play Store and around 2 million apps in the App Store. This is an unprecedented number of apps, and this number is only set to grow in the next few years.
The use of automation to drive tangible business benefits has become a reality today, with nearly all organizations riding the wave of emerging cognitive technologies. The insurance industry is no exception and lies at the crossroads of digital disruption. Traditionally considered as a highly regulated and cautious sector, today it faces a radical shift due to the rising benefits of intelligent technologies.
According to a research, up to 25% of full-time positions in the insurance industry will either be consolidated or reduced in about a decade as a result of the prevalent digital disruption. With such headwinds in the industry, automation can be a game-changer strategy that can help insurance companies increase their profit margins and revolutionize customer experience.
As long as businesses have existed in the history of humanity, customer has been king. However, with the advent of digitization, customer is not just king but an empowered one, fortified with the armor of information.
Digital economy has brought about a profound change in the way customers make their purchase decisions. In the past decade, this change has accelerated faster than businesses have evolved.
There are a dime a dozen technologies and mobile app development languages available today. Despite that, app developers constantly face the challenge of broken and interrupted links. It is important to select a technology that meets your requirements and can be used with ease by both the developers and users. With the advent of AngularJS in 2012, sitting in front of computers trying to find the right solution has become a thing of the past.
With mobile app development in AngularJS, mobile app developers are breathing a resting breeze as this programming language has freed them from looking for codes needed to achieve their targets. While AngularJS is a Javascript framework, the most recent, Angular is built on Typescript – a typed superset of Javascript. It is the predecessor of Angular. Before jumping to the benefits of using AngularJS for developing mobile apps, let us understand what this language is and how it has changed the app development landscape since its inception.
With the App Store becoming no less than a battleground, app developers need to create icons that not only stand out but also provide an overview of the key functionalities. Even though there are a dozen articles claiming to educate on the importance of app icons, it is important to revisit the basics as an app icon is perhaps the first thing potential consumer notices about the app. It must tell a story, create intrigue and make the user curious enough to find out more.
Icon designing is a critical phase that requires in-depth brainstorming even before the development process starts. Your app icon and app screenshot is what your user will see first before installing it. If your app icon takes more than 5 seconds to think what it means, then it perhaps needs to be reconsidered. In this blog, we will discuss the importance of an app icon and how to create successful icons that rank higher in the App Store.
Mobile banking has become ubiquitous in both personal and business financial markets. Good design in mobile banking brings together security, convenience, and accessibility in one place. Intuitive design understands, as well as anticipates, what users will need to easily control their money and information online.
But what happens when your financial app fails and customers find themselves stranded or stuck because of missing information? How can large and small institutions alike ensure that their customers remain happy and eager to remain loyal to their brand, products, and services? And how do they consistently gain those highly-coveted 5-star reviews online that new users are seeking when making their own purchasing decisions for their banking needs?
In this ebook, we will outline the keys points that companies can use to better design their mobile banking apps.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been steadily transforming the healthcare landscape. From faster drug discovery, preclinical and clinical development, precision medicines, robotic surgeons to digital health consultations, chatbots and wearable sensors, the healthcare sector is seeing multiple applications for AI.